The Self Esteem Problems Health And Social Care Essay

The Self Esteem Problems Health And accessible C atomic number 18 EssayINTRODUCTIONSelf think up is every(prenominal) about(predicate) how much we go through valued, loved, accepted and thought well of by others and how much we value, love and accept ourselves. tribe with healthy egotism- rate argon able to get hold well-grounded about them, appreciate their own worth and take pride in their abilities, readinesss and accomplishments. People with junior-grade egotism-importance- esteem may feel as if no sensation will uni division them or accept them or that they cant do well in anythingPeople with heights ego esteem f rugged to be ambitious in what they want to experience in Life, they give way a drive to express them and to communicate openly and h unmatchedstly about their of necessity and desires. People with base egotism-importance esteem r arly live their invigoration to the full, they distance themselves from others, denied their love and support, and uncom fortable with success, some of them even take alcohol and drugs.We all experience problems with self esteem at certain times in our lives-especially during our teens figuring out, where we fit in the world. The take aim of self esteem determines how we operate in life -how we interact with others such as spouse, children, friends, and strangers .It determines our achievements, and our satisfaction and happiness.Self esteem has long been believed to play an important role in the use of alcohol People with alcohol problems often have low self esteem. They judge themselves negatively-not just for their addiction, but also for other parts of their behavior or their personality.Most of the individuals who argon addicted to drugs and alcohol are not happy with their lives and live a life of despair and hopelessness, the major symptom is poor self esteem. Poor self esteem is at the heart of an individuals addiction and dependency and there is an inverse relationship surrounded by alcohol dependency and self esteem, that if a persons self esteem purifys the individuals addictive behavior.1.1. Need For The StudyLow self esteem is one of the causative factor that vast majority of alcohol addicts share in common, low self esteem is challenging in four areas. First they feel that they lack personal power, secondly many with low self esteem feel lacking the affection and attention of others, thirdly low self esteem results when people feel that they lack virtue, often feel unloved, unappreciated and lastly those possessing low self esteem hold themselves as incompetent in one or to a greater extent areas.Several look forers have argued that self esteem poses high jeopardy for alcohol a double-deckere in some populations, including adolescents, college students, and females (Donnelly, 2000).Another area of life that intoxicantics with low Self-Esteem often struggle with their occupation. Perhaps they may lack education, in solveation, skill sets, or the belief in the ir ability to obtain a worthwhile job and so they self-sabotage and then get to the right about the fact that no one wants to hire them. Seeking continuous education is hopeless to those who have such low self-esteem since they recognize themselves as incapable of excelling in the motion of fielding, taking exams, and achieving success in all the systems.Low self- esteem can also manifest as a result of ones inability to generate wealth, they see themselves struggling to survive in a world marked by competition, often struggle with their occupation. Those with low self esteem often resort to addictive behaviors in an effort to numb out the pain and escape to a world that allows them a temporary release from their sufferings and problems1.2. Statement of the ProblemPromotion of self esteem activities among souse dependants1.3. Objectives1.3.1 Assessment the self esteem take aim among drys1.3.2 Association of self esteem and alcoholism1.3.2 Assessment of the effectiveness of se lf esteem activities in promotion of self esteem among soakings.1.4. Assumptions1.4.1. Self esteem level may be low among torrent dependants.1.4.2. Practice of self esteem activities may improve the self esteem level among alcoholic dependants1.5. Operational Definitions1.5.1. PROMOTION- refers to the improvement in level of self esteem among soaking dependants.1.5.2. SELF ESTEEM- perceived self idea of an alcoholic individual1.5.3. ALCOHOLICS- a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking.1.6. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities Among intoxicantics DependantsConceptualization is the process of specifying what we mean when we use particular damage (Giemman)The conceptual frame lock is derived from Penders health promotion Model. In this drive several(prenominal) characteristics and experience by physical, social psychological and occupational problems may remove the level of self-esteem of the cloudburst patients. Self-Esteem activities are promoted establ ish on the patients problems may bring change in the level of self-esteem. It includes perceived benefit of Self-Esteem activities like Individual and Group activities.PENDERS HEALTH PROMOTION MODELCHAPTER 2REVIEW OF LITERATURE1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholismA study conducted on self esteem and Alcohol use on 61 Alcoholic dependants who were admitted in a rural Midwestern medical bone marrow. An individuals reactions to his or her social environment are mediated by a sense datum of self esteem, low levels of self esteem are develop during Socialization. Results suggest that specific form of social support is important to recovering alcoholic dependants (Steffennhagen and Burns, 2006).A Pearson correlation was calculated examining the relationship between the amounts of alcohol consumed in the past 30 days and self esteem. A low to moderate correlation was fancyt (r (23) =.250, p.05). (Jeremy W.Lawing, 2006).A Study conducted on drinking problems and egotism of college students,148 lower division college students were given the following paper and pencil tests The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the individualized Self section of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. College Students are having low self Esteem (F = 4.23, p = .04). Tabulation of the incidence of heavy drinking (31%).Result shows an drinking behavior of college students are having low self esteem(()swego,2005).A study was conducted on the effects of self esteem on substance abuse among dispossessed men. This experimental study involving 305 samples of homeless men was assigned randomly to the treatment group and Control group. Control group was referred to community based services, experimental subjects were exposed to individual therapy, group interventions, life skills and relapse prevention training residing in a 24 Hour shelter for three months. Results indicated that self-esteem was increased in experimental group than in control group (Brandon, 2004).A descriptive study was conducted on self-esteem and alcohol dependants. Study comprises of 2 groups such as alcoholic dependants as one group and non-alcoholics in another group. Study shown that alcoholic dependants have lowered self esteem compared to non alcoholics self esteem (Donnelly, 2003)A study was conducted to compare the level of self esteem among 30 alcoholics and 30 non alcoholic persons. They are prizeed for self esteem apply self esteem scale. The results showed that alcoholics had low self esteem when compared to non alcoholics(PA study conducted to identify the relationship between alcohol wasting disease and self esteem. Study comprises of 26 Samples (Employees of local retail store), their self esteem was assessed by using Rosenbergs self esteem scale. Results showed that alcohol consumption is strongly related to self esteem (T.F.Heatherson,2000).A Study cond ucted on how self esteem influences alcohol consumption Study comprises of 61 samples. Over the course of two weekends self esteem was measured using Rosenbergs self esteem scale. Study showed the results that self esteem is negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In a study on adolescents drinking behavior, adolescents with high self esteem reported consuming less alcohol than adolescents with low self esteem. (Gerrerd, Russell, 2000A cross-sectional survey design investigated the relationship of substance use and self esteem. Self -esteem was assessed using Hare self-conceit Scale. Four atomic number 6 and eleven samples were completed the survey. Results revealed that there is a direct relationship between alcohol use and self-esteem (F=12.8,df=2,343,p,.00001).Regardless recent alcohol abusers had the lowest self-esteem piles and never users had the highest removes(F.X.Gibbons,2000).A study says that low self-esteem is the universal common denominator among all people suffering from addictions. Low self-esteem is the true disease and it is the vestigial origin of all problematic behaviors that plagues the world (Candito, 1996).A prospective study of self-esteem and Alcohol Use Disorders in Early Adulthood. The relation among Self-esteem and Alcohol use disorder diagnoses was examined in a sample of 240 men evaluated at four annual assessments over the college years. The results support clinical observations that low self esteem plays a particularly important it eological role in alcohol problems in men (Fromme.K, 1989).A number of studies have indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, (Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1984).2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholismA Study conducted on ho w group activity has an impact on self esteem among alcoholics. Study comprises 40 samples, 20 patients undergone group activities for 12 weeks in an inpatient setting and 20 patients as control groups. Patients in the intervention group showed significant enhancement in self esteem, social skills and self confidence where as there is no changes observed in control group (John Wiley, 2009)A Study was conducted how utilization of self esteem programs (Holistic Addiction Treatment Programme) plays an important role in Relapse prevention. Study comprises of 145 samples. Results show that 70 to 90 percentages, self esteem programs are effective in Relapse prevention and over all well-being to the treatment of recovering alcoholics (Harry Henshaw, 2007).A Study conducted on self esteem activities among Alcoholic patients. Study comprises of 43 samples, volunteers in the group undergone self esteem activities along with drug treatment, the other group only underwent drug treatment. Pretes t-posttest comparison on a variety of physiological parameters indicated that significant improvements had occurred in psychological wellbeing including self esteem, self awareness, lifestyle adaptation and relapse prevention skills. Results suggest that promotion of self esteem activities improves self esteem among alcoholic dependants (Michael Peterson, Bryan johnstone, 2003)A study conducted on self-esteem and alcoholism among high school students total sample was 140(55males and 85 females) high school students. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (Moberg, 1983) which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, and the Beck Depression list (Beck, Ward, Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1961). Study has showed that indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink (Butler, 1980 Young, Werch, Brakeman 1989)CHAPTER 3MATERIALS AND METH ODSDesigning a research involves the development of plan or strategy that will guide the collection and analysis of data. The present study is designed to promote the Self-esteem among Alcoholic Patients. The methodology of the study constitutes research design, setting, population and have criteria for the selection of samples and tool for data collection.3.1. One Group Pre Test Post Test Design3.2. Setting This study was conducted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore. The De-Addiction centre consists of 25 bedded3.3. Population The overall population for the study was alcoholic patients who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi DE-Addiction Centre from 28.06.2010 to 25.07.2010.3.4 Sample size And Sampling Technique Purposive sampling Technique was used to select samples who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre during the period of study.30 patients were selected as samples during the study.3.5. Criteria for Selection of the SampleInclusion C riteriaPatients who were admitted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction CentreAlcoholic patients with Low self esteemExclusion CriteriaPatients who are not willing to participate in the study.Alcoholic dependants associated with Psychotic symptoms.3.5. Instruments and Tool for Data Collection The tool was prepared based on review of literature and guidance of experts from the field of Psychiatry.Section I This section includes demographic variables like age, education, family Income, occupation, marital status, marital disharmony, Type of Family Duration of Alcohol intake Consumption of alcohol, physical and psychological problems.Section II This section consists of modified Rutgerss Alcohol Problem Index scale. It is a useful tool to assess the problem index among alcoholic patients. It consists of 15 questions.Section III This section has an index to measure persons self-esteem. It consists of 20 statements to assess the level of self-esteem of alcoholic dependants. whip Interpretatio n Self -Esteem Assessment Scale consists of 20 statements of assessment of patients level of self esteem.The total score is 60, patient who scores the item 3 and more than 46 is having low self-esteem.Section IV This section consists of intervention for Low self -Esteem such as Individual activities and Group activities.Individual Activities Promoting individually execute activities. The patients are encouraged to do individual activities such as Art writing and Reading Newspapers.Group Activities Group activities is two or more individuals merge together to promote an same activity. Patients are encouraged to do psychodrama (Group was given a theme, group members act out based on the theme) and Outdoor games (Tenniequots)3.6. Variables of the studyIndependent variable Self-esteem activities.Dependant variable Alcoholic dependants.3.7. Techniques for Data Analysis and InterpretationThe tables were formulated for base line information such as age, education, occupation, type of fam ily, marital disharmony, income per month, amount of alcohol intake, duration of alcohol intake, physical and psychological symptoms.Paired test was used to analyze the significant difference in the level of self-esteem before and after promoting self esteem activities.3.7.1. Pairedttest The test was used to point out the effect of promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic patients.t=dSD/ nSD= (d-d)Here d=Mean difference between pretest and posttest score.SD=Standard Deviation of the Pre test and post test Soren=Number of Samples.Pilot study reportPilot study was conducted for a period of 2 weeks, from 28th May 2010 to 11th May 2010, to test the practicableness of the tool and feasibility of conducting the main study. Study was conducted in psychiatrical ward of P S G Hospital. For pilot study 5 samples were selected. Data were accumulate by interview method.Through the pilot study it was proved that self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem. The researcher wou ld like to continue the study to promote self esteem among alcoholic dependants.Changes brought after pilot studyDuring the pilot study, self esteem level was assessed and found to be low among alcoholic dependants.CHAPTER 4DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONThe process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from various sources gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding or conclusion. There are a variety of specific data analysis method, some of which include data mining, text edition analytics, business intelligence, and data visualizations.4.1. General Profile of alcoholic Dependants1. AgeAmong thirty alcoholic dependants, sixsome patients were at the age of 21-30 years, fifteen patients were at the age of 31-40years, 7 patients were at the age between 41-50 years and two p atients were between 51-60years.2. EducationMost of the alcoholic dependants were completed their secondary education, seven patients had completed primary education, six patients completed higher secondary education and seven had graduate degree.3. OccupationA. Type of figure outIt was found that ten were doing business, fiver were farmers, four were engineers, two were bus drivers and there was one from each category like tailor, rashion shop, goldsmith, shopkeeper, hotel supervisor, massion, mandapam decorator, Carpentor, cable TV Manager.B. Hours of WorkHours of work for alcoholic dependants were varying from6-15 hrs. Most of them nineteen were working between 11-15 hrs and eleven patients were working 6-10 hours per day.C. Income per MonthIncome of alcoholic dependants varied depends upon their occupation, fifteen were earning between Rs.6000-10000 per month, eight patients were earning between Rs.11000-15000 per month, four were earning between Rs.1000-5000 per month, three patients were earning between Rs 16000-20000 per month.D. Conflict in Work AreaMajority of alcoholic dependants, twenty expressed no conflict in work area and ten had conflict in their work area.4. Family historyA. Marital statusTwenty four patients were married, six patients were unmarried.B. Marital disharmony cardinal alcoholic dependants came out with the problem of and only eleven patients had no such problems.C. Relationship with spouseAmong the alcoholic dependants, dozen patients were maintaining good relationship with their spouse and twelve patients were not maintaining good relationship with spouse.D. Relationship with childrenTwenty two were maintaining good relationship with their children and two patients were not maintaining good relationship with children.E. Type of FamilyAmong twenty four alcoholic dependants, six patients were from joint family and eighteen from nuclear family.F. Family register of AlcoholismThere is no family history of alcohol intake among twen ty five alcoholic dependants and only five patients were having the family history of alcoholism.5. Social HistoryA. Social SupportAmong thirty alcoholic dependants, one had Peer group support, three had support from friends, and twenty six had family support.6. Alcoholic HistoryA. Duration of Alcohol inhalant In yearsDuration of 11-15-years of alcohol intake was found among fifteen alcoholic dependants, 6-10years among ten alcoholic dependants, 1-5years among three alcoholic dependants and 16-20 years among two alcoholic dependants.B. Consumption of Alcohol started byMost of the patients twenty five were started consuming alcohol through friends, three started by their relatives and two started by their family members.C. Quantity of Alcohol when started (Bear in ml)Majority of the alcoholic dependants, twenty three started with 100-300ml of bear while seven alcoholic dependants were stated with 700-900ml of bear.D. Quantity of Alcohol at present (Hot)At present eleven alcoholic de pendants was consuming 700-900ml of hot which is more than nineteen alcoholic dependants consuming 400-600ml.E. Time of drinking AlcoholAmong thirty alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were taking alcohol in the evening, four were taking alcohol in the morning and evening, fourteen were taking alcohol throughout the day.F. Money spent on Alcohol ConsumptionAmong thirty alcoholic dependants, most of them twenty two spent Rs 4000-6000per month for alcohol consumption seven spent Rs7000-9000 per month and one spent Rs 1000-3000 per month.G. Motivation for treatment of AlcoholismMaximum number of patients thirteen were motivated by self, seven were motivated by already treated patients in de-addiction centre, five were motivated by family members and five were motivated by Relatives.H. Reason for AlcoholismSeventeen patients were started on alcoholism due to psychological factors such as wifes death, job stress etc, thirteen patients were started due to peer group pressure and none ha d the reason of physical and psychiatric illness. shelve 4 1demographic DATA OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS1AGE IN YEARS21-30631-401541-50751-6522EDUCATIONPrimary7 secondary10Higher secondary6Graduate73OCCUPATIONA.TYPE OF WORKBusiness10Farmer5Tailor1Accountant in Rashionshop1Goldsmith1Hotel Supervisor1Driver2Construction Worker1Engineers4Mandapam Decorator1Carpenter1Cable T.V. Manager1B.HOURS OF WORK6 101111 1519C.INCOME PER MONTH1000-500046000-10,0001511,000-15,000816,000-20,0003D.CONFLICT IN WORK AREAPresent10 transfer204FAMILY HISTORYA.MARITAL HISTORYMarried24 champion6B.MARITAL DISHARMONYPresent13Absent11C.RELATIONSHIP WITH SPOUSEMaintains good relationship12Not maintains good relationship12D.RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILDRENMaintains good relationship22Not maintains good relationship2E.TYPE OF FAMILYJoint family6Nuclear family18F.FAMILY HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISMPresent5Absent25SOCIAL HISTORYA.SOCIAL SUPPORTNeighbors0Peer group1Friends3Family265ALCOHOLIC HISTORYA.DURATION OF ALCOHOL usance IN YE ARS1 536 101011 151516-202B.CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL STARTED BYFriends25Family members2Relatives3Self0C.QUANTITY OF ALCOHOL WHEN STARTED (BEAR) ML100-30023400-6007700-9000D.QUQNTITY OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT PRESENT(HOT)ML100-3000400-60019700-90011E.TIME OF DRINKING ALCOHOLMorning0Evening12Both4Throughout the Day14F.MONEY SPENT ON ALCOHOLISM1000-300014000-6000227000-90007G.MOTIVATION FOR TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISMFamily members5Relatives5Self13Treated patients0H.REASON FOR ALCOHOLISMPhysical Illness0Psychiatric Illness0Psychological Illness17Peer group Influence134.2. Assessment of Problem Index among Alcoholic DependantsAmong thirty alcoholic dependants, Majority of alcoholic dependants are not able to work, inability to carryout responsibilities, had fight with relatives, neglected by relatives, advised by relatives and friends, to stop alcohol, noticed a change in personality, most of them felt guilty,neede more alcohol to get the same effect previous one, and felt physically and p sychologically dependant on Alcoholism.TABLE 2ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM INDEXn=30S.NoPROBLEM STATEMENTS12341Not Able To Work1015502Neglected Responsibilities1015503Had Fight With Others205504Neglected By Relatives1014605Advised By friends, neighbours, relatives to stop alcohol0201006Kept Promised To Stop Drinking1012807Noticed A Change In Personality1216208Felt Guilty023709Forgetting Places16140010Fainted Suddenly2640011Gone Suddenly2631012Needed More Alcohol To Get The same Effect As Of previous One0206413Tried To Control Drinking1686014Stopped Drinking Because Of Withdrawal Symptoms20100015Felt physical or Psychologically dependant On Alcohol016104Score Interpretation 1.None of the Time, 2.1-2 Time, 3.3-4 Times, 4.More than five times4.3. Assessment of Level of Self-Esteem among alcoholic DependantsFifty one patients were got admitted in kasthuriba Gandhi de-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore in the month of July. Among them thirty alcoholic dependants were selected for the study based on t he exclusion criteria. Level of self-esteem was assessed for each patient by using self-esteem assessment tool. All thirty alcoholic dependants were having low self-esteem that they beat anger when criticized, afraid to try new things, showing difficulty in performing social activities and social interaction. All the alcoholic Dependants were scored the level of self-esteem score between50-60.4.4. Promotion of Self-Esteem ActivitiesSelf-Esteem activities are promoted by scheduling as individual and group activities. Individual activities are promoted in the morning and group activities are promoted in the evening to boost up self-esteem among Alcoholic dependants.TABLE 3Self-Esteem Activities ProtocolS. NoTimeActivities1MorningIndividual Activities8.30-9.30amA. Self Reporting11.00-12.00NoonB. Art Writing2AfternoonGroup Activities1.30-3.00PmA. Psychodrama3.30-5.00PmB. TenniquoiteTABLE 4ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIESn=30S. NoLevel of Self-EsteemNo. of. Patients Pre test1.Self- Esteem Score (46)30SCORE INTERPRETATION Problems with low self-esteem are indicated by a total score higher than 46TABLE 5ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIESn=30S. NoLevel of self-EsteemNo. of. PatientsPretestPost test1.Self-Esteem Score(300TABLE 6COMPARISON OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE AND AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIESn=30S. NoLevel of Self-EsteemPre testPost test1Self-Esteem Score(46)30302.Self-Esteem Score(030INTERPRETATION Thirty alcoholic Dependants were scored 46 before promoting Self-Esteem activities. But after promoting Self-Esteem Activities they have scored TABLE 7Difference in pretest and Posttest Self-Esteem Score of Alcoholic DependantsS. NoPretest ScorePosttest ScoreDifference156332325436223563224456322455530256543321752342285233219553322105532231154312312543024135633231454312315553223165633231756332318543321

Systems Development: Concepts, Issues and Approaches

constitutions Development Concepts, Issues and ApproachesSystems exploitation concepts, issues and approaches and the relationship between technologies and their social contextQuestion 1Why argon conventional approaches to transcriptions throw considered to be techno-centric?INTRODUCTIONThis melodic theme presents a thorough explanation of the dissimilar processes related to brasss design and to the conundrums that face the conventional, or traditional, methods according to which computer systems, of on the whole kinds, atomic number 18 designed. The paper ordain then explain why the traditional approaches of system design be considered to be techno-centric.Before being able to answer the main doubtfulness of this paper, we should define certain terms in order to clarify all the elements that give be discussed later on.Simmers (2004, p.542-543), earths that a computer system is an electronic thingumajig that move be thought of as a complete information-processing cen ter. It provoke calculate, store, sort, update, manipulate, sequence, organize, and process data. It also controls logic operations and can rapidly communicate in graphics, numbers, words, and sounds.An early(a) definition is presented by Avgerou and Cornford (1998, p.1), as they offer that information systems refer to information and data handling activities in human organizations. Information handling in this sense is a pur hireful activity sustained over time, and includes the activities of collecting information, storing it, directing it to appropriate places and masses, and utilizing it in various tasks within the organization.The designer of the system attempts to order a specific problem within a given environment of function, for example, and creates a determine of processes that should be able to resolve that problem according to pre-determined instructions and wantments (Kelkar, 2004).SYSTEM DESIGNA system is supposed to handle a variety of issues related to an or ganisation and to enable the pot whom ar considered to be the individuals that portion out with those issues to function properly, swiftly, more efficiently, and more accurately. This usually also involves the interaction (inter-connectivity) between all those operative in a specific section.The person (or group of people) that are supposed to design the desired system should study and analyse thoroughly the problem sphere, identifying the various elements and factors involved in it, proposing different system options, put them into examination (preferably in real working environments), and finally selecting, with the help of the management of the organisation in question, the best solution.Computer systems designers, almost from the very beginning of this field, tended to work whole within their technical realm meaning that they were identifying the problem and creating the solution that, evidently, was successful, but that was only workable and facilitated to themselves and to people of the same technical background. This created a reality which make it, somewhat, hard for average subprogramrs, who are also supposed to be the end users of todays computer systems, to deal, interact, let alone bring out efficiently use those systems.The main problem in this context, as explained by Doherty King (2005, p.2), is that the designers do not, in most contents, follow most required steps in what concerns the compendium of the impact of utilising the computer solution on the organisation and in what concerns the interaction between the created system and the human factor of that organisation. According to Poulymenakou Holmes, 1996 (in Doherty and King, 2005, p.2), the adoption of techno-centric development approaches can be a very dangerous strategy, as it encourages developers to deliver and implement the information system, and only then, if at all, worry about adapting it to its organizational context.The conventional methodology, which depends solo on creating a computer system that is successful in resolving a given problem and that works from a technical (or computer programmable and configurable) mention of view, is considered to be techno-centric because the most important factor in designing the system, which is the human factor, has not be taken into consideration fully by the designer (or the designers) during the instruction execution of their initial plan of work.Many specialists and researchers keep on calling for a methodology of system design that focuses more on the social aspect of the created shot little progress has been made in the development of practical socio-technical methods and approaches that have succeeded in making the transition from research laboratory to widespread commercial employ (Doherty King, 2005, p.2).Davidson and Chiasson (2004, p.6) state that the three main stages of information technology are the development, the effectuation, and the assimilation. They stress on the fact that all the details that are related to the daily use of the technology may not be seen at the time of planning because the attention is focused on overall concern goals and implementation strategy. This makes the period pursuance the installation and the initial implementation highly important as all the social and human related factors must be adjusted and modified to admit the users and the organisation as a whole.There are various examples of systems that were created according to the conventional, techno-centric, approach and that have failed at the time of implementation because the designers lacked the social-oriented element in their design Doherty and King (2005, p.2) mentioned several failed experiences of this kind cases such as the London Ambulance System, the Taurus System, and the Benefits Payment Card System.Other examples were presented by Davidson and Chiasson (2005, p.6-12) who reported that the electronic medical drop systems (EMRS) that were used in two healthcare o rganisations were also a cause of concern, to a certain extent. The authors confirm that the original systems created for the health organisations emergencyed to be socially modified through the implementation of TUM (Technology Use Mediation) during system development stages and throughout the period in which the systems were in use. System configuration required changes to software package infrastructure and code. Organizational size influenced the avail ability and the effectiveness of mediation resources.Another factor that is involved in the conventional approach is the total underestimation of antecedently existing systems which is also another characteristic of techno-centric methods of design and system development. Ignoring the old systems leads the designer to create something that is totally new to the organisation, and this also excludes the effects, the advantages, and the usability of the previous system. The usability of the system and the ability of people within t he organisation to work with it came as a result of a long period of system modifications (whether hardware or software) and of in-person grooming and different processes of errors and corrections which is what can be considered as the social-related side of system development. All those elements will be totally discarded by the designer during his/her development of the new system, which will result in the new system going through the same stages that the old system passed through, and this is another form of time-related and financially-related losses to the organisation.Chae and Poole (2005, p.19) pose an important question Is it possible for a large-scale information system to be developed from scratch? Their explanation confirms thatAccounts of system development and the systems development writings often focus primarily on the new system and tend to underemphasize the role of preexisting systems Few pay much attention to the role of pre-existing information systems in IS In formation Systems development. To the extent the new system must integrate with pre-existing systems or use existing hardware and software Existing systems have also been regarded as problems or barriers to the development of new IS and as disablers of IS-based organizational innovation and change This approach, too, tends to treat pre-existing systems as objects, black boxes (e.g. Markus, 1983).Those mentioned above are the most notable tapers when studying computer design in its conventional method, which is, as can be seen, techno-centric.CONCLUSIONEven though conventional approaches of system design have been applied from the beginning of the age of Information Technology, they are still techno-centric. What designers should focus on are those system characteristics that are more operable by the individuals of an organisation this includes the interface design, the language used within the various parts of the system (those related to both the software and the hardware) Another important point is the adaptability to the organisation that requested the system the designers should understand fully that various factors that can lead the newly created system to be more social-oriented and to be what the organisation needs.Techno-centric designs can work, but only in technical related fields and sections. Previous systems should be studied carefully before initiating the design plan for new ones this will enable the designer to understand what characteristics worked previously, what structure are the employees and the managers used to work with, and which tools can be re-used within the new system.Anderson and Vendelo (2004, p.27) explain the problem of techno-centric design by stating that when introduced into a field, the technical system often needs to be changed to take into account the more holistic requirements that are present in the field, as users need to accommodate the technology in their daily routines.Reference ListAnderson, K. V. and Vendelo, M. T. (2004) The Past and Future of Information Systems, Oxford Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.Avgerou, C. and Cornford, T. (1998) Developing Information Systems Concepts, Issues and Practice, New York Palgrave Macmillan.Chae, B. and Scott, M. (2005) The surface of emergence in systems development agency, institutions, and large-scale information systems, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 19-36.Davidson, E. and Chiasson, M. (2004) Contextual influences on technology use mediation a comparative analysis of electronic medical record systems, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 6-18.Doherty, N. and King, M. (2005) From technical to socio-technical change tackling the human and organizational aspects of systems development projects, European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 1-5.Kelkar, S.A. (2004) Structured System Analysis and Design, New Delhi Prentice Hall of India.Simmers, L. (2004) Introduction to Health Science Technology, New York Thomson Delmar Learning.Quest ion 2Are the work systems considered in week 2 readings based on an organisational or activity oriented perspective?INTRODUCTIONThis paper explains the various modes in which organisations operate in order to achieve their business related objectives. This includes the organisational approach and the activity-related approach.The paper also describes the work systems considered in the readings in order to identify according to which mode they operate, though the understanding of their structure and implementation of the various processes and procedures.To be able to give a comprehensive response to the main question of this paper, we should understand the meaning of each term presented within it and this will be of great help in the next parts of this paper.As explained by Cope (2006, p.62), a work system is a system of people and/or machines which perform a business process. An organisation is normally made up of many work systems. An information system supports and/or structures a nd/or controls and/or automates the work performed by other work systemsAnother source defines a work system by stating that it is a complex network of means-ends relations. The basic many-to-many relationships in this network and its loose coupling is the basic source of the need for human intervention in order to remove ambiguity and to control the functional state (Salvendy Karwowski, 1994, p.69). This means that a work system includes every person and all items or tools that are functioning to perform a certain process required for the continuity, and profitability, of an organisation.ORGANSATIONAL vs. ACTIVITY-ORIENTEDAs explained by Sachs (1995, p.36-37) there are two perspective methods of performing the various operations and processes of an entity, these are either organisational or activity-oriented. The organisational scheme can be determined and discovered through the evident use of different sets of defined tasks and operations such as those described in methods and pr ocedures, which fulfil a set of business functions The activityoriented method, on the other hand, suggests that the range of activities, communication practices, relationships, and coordination it takes to accomplish business functions is complex and continually mediated by proletarians and managers alike. As stated by the author, activity-oriented methods include the employee or worker to improve, learn more, function better, and, ultimately, enhances the way in which the business as a whole functions. An activity orientation draws on insights about work practice from several disciplines, including anthropology, history, and psychology, and in so doing provides a holistic approach to the analysis of work.Anderson and Vendelo (2004, p.143-144) agree with Sachs and explain that the method according to which an organisation functions will carry on a number of fields including management studies, business administration, information systems development, organizational behaviour, j ob design, human resource management, training, etc. and in relation to systems design, the authors confirm that this exploitation significant view reconceptualises the nature of work and organizational life, and the role of information technology support. It emphasizes work practices, and the way learning is accomplished within communities of practice. They also state that organizational mode is still the major one in the organisations of today as it is considered to be grounded in scientific management ideas, focusing on training, tasks, procedures, workflow and teams while the activity-oriented method concentrates on learning, know-how, networks, conceptual understanding, work practices, judgement, and communities.The example reported by Sachs for what concerns the organisational perspective is the one of the Trouble Ticketing System (TTS) which is a huge database system that is based on organising work tasks and distributing them on workers. In this case, the tasks performed b y workers are only those that are considered by the system, while the activity-oriented method depends on each worker to solve problems from start to end rather than perform single tasks. The underlying design assumption in organizational thinking is that technology design should expire human error. This differs sharply from the underlying assumption in activity-oriented thinking, which is that technology design should enhance the human capability of finding problems and solving them. Organizational thinking assumes that people create human error. Activity-oriented thinking assumes that people solve problems. (p.40).In the case of United Parcel Service (UPS), as explained by laudon and Laudon (1995, p.17), we find that it is clearly working according to the organisational method. This is evident as all the structure of work is organised through the use of a centralised system that communicates to drivers the required destinations of various packages, and gathers the auction pitch information concerning each package and adds it to its main database which can be consulted by anyone through the use of any Internet connected device. Communications between the employees are reduced to the minimum as all work related information can be obtained from the system this includes the delivery surgical incision, the customer service department, the shipment department and management. Even the requests of customers can be done directly through the system as all the required information is provided (shipping rates, shipment routes, times, etc).But on the other hand, there is a side of UPS that can be considered activity-oriented this can be found in what concerns the sales department and the marketing department these two functions require a different approach and it is being followed. The focus, when it comes to these two sections of the work process, depends solely on the performance which is not measured through tasks, but through problem solving from start to end. Comm unication, training, and know-how are essential here. The duty of the departments in question is to identify problems, locate the causes, and come up with successful solution.A clear case of the organisational approach is the one of the company called Electronic Banking System Inc. In this company, every single individual is responsible for a specific task, he/she is being monitored all the time, the production of each individual is checked continuously, conversations between employees/workers are not allowed if not related to task performance, and change surface looking out the window (which is considered to be nothing more than distraction from work) is not allowed (Horowitz, 1996, p.322). According to this system, any error is digitally monitored and immediately reported. As explained earlier, in a system such as this one, there is no space for improvement, and there is no need for problem solving skills what each person should do is pre-set and no special talents or know-how qu alities are required.CONCLUSIONSystem design in organisational businesses and entities is, to a certain extent, fairly simple as the tasks are well defined before the designer, the level of the various users rights and privileges is evident, and the processes to perform are directly requested by the organisation.Development in the activity oriented environment is difficult as it is needed to separate the situational and the personal elements and the effects each one has on the other during the process of interaction. The designer should be able to identify the required processes and operations through the help of uninflected tools (Peiro, 1995, p.284). This means that a social study in what concerns the various functions of the system should performed by the designer in advance in order to enable him/her to produce the required work system.Another important factor for the designer is to be able to comprehend the various policies within the organisation in question in order to reach the desired system which complies with those rules and policies. It is also possible for the designer to offer a possibility of continuous communications, learning, and enhancement through the system even in businesses based on the organisational method.Reference ListCope, C. (2006) Beneath the Surface, Santa Rosa, CA Informing Science Press.Salvendy, G. and Karwowski, W. (Ed.). (1994) Design of Work and Development of Personnel in modern Manufacturing, New York John Wiley Sons, Inc.Sachs, P. (1995) Transforming Work Collaboration, Learning, and Design, Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM, 38, 9 36-44.Anderson, K. V. and Vendelo, M. T. (2004) The Past and Future of Information Systems, Oxford Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.Laudon, K. and Laudon, J. (2005). Management Information Systems Managing the Digital Firm, 9th edn, New island of Jersey Prentice Hall.Horowitz, T. (1996) Mr. Edens Profits from Watching His Workers Every Move, in Kling, R. Computeri zation and Controversy, San Diego Academic Press, pp.322-325.Peiro, J.M. (1995) Work and Organizational Psychology European Contributions of the Nineties, East Sussex, Erlbaum (UK) Taylor Francis.

Low Fat Diets, Aerobic Exercise, and Weight Loss: How Does It All Fit? :: Dieting Eating Papers

Low Fat Diets, Aerobic Exercise, and Weight Loss How Does It All take on?Introduction These days it seems that almost everywhere in the media there ar claims about the effectiveness of low fat diets and aerobic exercise on charge loss. From billboards, to magazines, to TV, everyone seems to know exactly how to lose weight by consume a low fat diet and /or by use on a rhythmic basis. Sample menus and hypothetical exercise routines that are designed to help people lose weight consistently appear in the media, and most germ with some type of guarantee that weight loss will follow the correct and continued use of the plan. These claims and examples vary from seemingly practical to downright outrageous, with a multitude in between. The problem is that all of these claims and examples are so different from one another the consumer has no government agency to know which, if any, is the most effective way to lose weight. Is eating less that 15 grams of fat, and exercising 30 minutes e ach day the most effective way to lose weight? Is eating anything you want, and exercising 90 minutes each day that is the most effective weight loss strategy? Or, is it something completely different? Medical research shows that exercising regularly and eating a well-balance diet that is low in fat can assist in weight loss, as well as depart for better overall health. Finding the best combination of the two is the difficult part. The weight loss business. The weight loss business is booming. The idea of a alliance developing their own strategy for weight loss, and selling it has been a successful one. Companies such as, Weight Watchers (http//www.weight-watchers.com), and Jenny Craig, have become very well cognise and very economically successful. Each of these companies has its own theories about losing weight, however, the majority of these companies use a combination of a low fat diet and a regular exercise program to promote weight loss. Many also use a support mechanism such as weekly, or monthly group, or individual meetings to help their clients maintain the program. (http//www.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Companies/Health/Weight_Loss/Diets_and_Programs/) For example, Jenny Craig offers a program that includes daily menus of selected foods, which they package and provide to the client, and weekly counseling sessions with an employee of Jenny Craig. The daily meals are designed to provide a specific number of calories, which is predetermined by the clients weight and self-assessed activity level.

Fitzgeralds Use of Language in The Great Gatsby Essays -- essays rese

In the novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses tone, diction, syntax and imagery to voice notchs perception of the world around him. In this passage his use of language is used repetitively to convey Jordan Baker, Daisy and Tom Buchanans lives. On the outside it may look like they all atomic number 18 vivacious a perfect and ideal life, however Fitzgeralds illuminating use of language highlights how far from perfect their lives truly are.When he first walks in break away judge Tom and Daisys lives based on the appearance of the house, perfect and romanticized, yet he soon learns that this first impression is an overstatement. knaps use of diction such as fragilely bound (12) and French windows (12) imply that their lives may look perfect on the outside but in reality theyre brittle on the inside, since the words fragile and French suggest that their lives are breakable. His choice of diction also suggests an impersonal feel to the house, as if the people inside it are living a bland and wash life. As Nick walks farther in he compares the frosted wedding cake of the ceiling to the wine- colored rug implying both Purity and corruption. He views the cake-ceiling as pure since wedding cakes denote the meaning of honor and purity but compares the innocence with wine which suggests corruption and impurity. Again, this comparison shows that Tom and Daisys lives look pure as cake, however in reality their life is as corrupted as wine.Upon meeting Daisy and Jordan, Nick perceives them as if they are ?buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon.? (12) Suggesting that something is weighing them both down but they both hope to be free from their oppressions of their societies-they want to be carefree. Nick?s choice of diction like ?boom,... ...h he goes from idealism to reality.By the end of the evening Nick discovers the true personalities of the characters. This paragraph shows a whole new meaning of the color white, in this passage white implies impurity and ?absence of all desire.? (17) Before, however, it implied elegance, innocence and joy. Nick senses that to the Buchanan?s the evening had no great importance, he believes that it would be ?casually put away? (17) and be forgotten. Nick also perceives the woman to be tools of cheer for the men. In conclusion, Fitzgerald?s use of language connotes the reality of Jordan Baker, Daisy and Tom Buchanan? lives. His use of diction, imagery and syntax suggests how their lives have no excitement and desire. Nick views them as white- dull and bland. Therefore, by using diction, imagery and syntax, Nick shows how imperfect their lives truly are.

Changes in Child Socialization Essay -- Sociology Sociological Essays

Changes in Child SocializationThe socialization of children has changed during the past century. According to Shepard 2001, child socialization is defined as a closing interaction with a small number of people-none of whom the child has selected-where the child defineed to think and speak, internalizes norms, beliefs, and values forms some basic attitudes develops a capacity (or incapacity) for intimate and personal relationships and acquires a self-image. In the past, a child may have learned to be social through relationships at home, at school and at church. Today, a child learns socialization through relationships in many different situations.In 1900, twenty percent of women in the United States had full- duration jobs outside the home. In 1997, this consider tripled to sixty percent of all women holding full- time jobs. The percentage of men in the workforce has remained fairly steady, with the average holding full-time jobs being lxxx percent. Stay-at-home mothers are becom ing a rarity, as households feel the need to increase income. With both parents working, children have become used to spending more time at daycare and school. Parents may be more likely to send their children to school at an earlier age when daycare costs are prohibitive.Children like a shot weakenicipate in an array of extra-curricular activities, spending their time outside of school away from home. Some parents may feel this is a way to spend time with their child, if they are involved in coaching or being a spectator. For other parents, the activity gives them some free time while their child participates. Children learn to work in groups or as part of a team, while learning from adults and peers alike. Parents may or may not have a part in this type of... ...a/releases/98legacy/html.Moore, Kristen Anderson, Sharon Vandivere, Jennifer Thrle. Turbulence and ChildWell-Being. Urban Institute. (November 2001)http//www.newfederalism.urban.org/html/series_b/bl6/bl6.html.Parents, A re you Listening? Do Listening Skills Affect Learning? (November 2001)http//www.lauds.k12.ca.us/Haskell_El/parent%20information/listeningz.htm.Shepard, Jon M. Sociology. Child Socialization. (2001) Wadsworth Group. Belmont,CA. one-eighth Edition. Ch. 4 pp. 103-108.Trinity University San Antonio, Texas. Exploring Americans Attitudes TowardSocializers and Childrearing Recipes. (2001)http//www.trinity.edu/mkearl.obeys.html.Waters, Steve, M.A. Focus on the Family. Protection and Socialization-Two Keys onThe Family Internet Use. (1998)http//www.family.org/cforum/research/papers/60002553.html.

Homecoming by Bruce Dawe Essay -- Poem Poetry Poet Bruce Dawe Home Com

Homecoming by Bruce Dawe The poem Homecoming originates from Bruce Dawe. Its journey depicts the aspects of war and its devastations upon human individuals. Using mainly the Vietnam War as a demonstration for its destructions.Within this poem Bruce Dawe dramatizes the homecoming of Australian veterans bodies from Vietnam. This is clearly an anti-war poem, reproducing the sentiments of those who opposed the time when this war occurred. The poem starts of in what seems to be a monotone. With many another(prenominal) simple verbs such as picking... bringing.... rolling ... whining... atomic number 18 used to depicts how days after days, it is all the same. The bodies of the soldiers, days after days are all monotonously follow the same routine and being treated in a somewhat a seemingly cold and offhanded way. These simple words are repetitive they aim to enhance the effect of imprinting a strong image within the readers? visual imagination of the relentless pace. Forcing the readers into feeling this great inequity for these soldiers who have sacrificed their lives for their country, within the war. Yet their bodies are treated no less than animals, following a strict routine of piling up in trucks, convoys, tagging them, loose them names, and boarding them onto the jets so they can finally return to their beloved home. This is their homecoming. The tone of this particular poem is apparent here. Within the title itself ?Homecoming? is irony. When homecoming is speak of, an image of happi...

Human Trafficking Essay -- Ethical Issues, Gang, Mafia

An ounce of cocaine, wholesale $1 ,200. You can sell it only once. A woman or infant is $50 to $1,000 but you can sell her each day, every day, over and over and over again. The markup is immeasurable. ( gentle Trafficking) says David Sutherland who plays Bill Meechan an ICE agent in Life periods movie Human Trafficking. The buying and selling of humans is an age old issue that has dated as far back as 1750 B.C. Although slavery is illegal in the unify States, we still see it happening in our own towns and cities all through America. Each year there are over 20,000 woman and children illegally trade across the United States borders for domestic and sex slavery. Laws, some new, and many that have been around for hundreds of years, have been passed and approved by congress to protect our natural rights. In order to alleviate instances of human trafficking and sex slavery, society as a whole must demand that government be harsher, more diplomatic and high-pressure to fight this spec ial evil (Landesman 1), as President Bush referred to it. at that place needs to be more money in the hands of immigration and naturalization to control our borders better, and more government funding in education to raise awareness of human trafficking for our own protection and for the protection of individuals Kevin Bales, President of Free the Slaves (a non-profit-making organization to support the victims of human trafficking) estimates that today there are over 20,000 women and children annually trafficked across United States borders. It is said that at any stipulation time there are an estimated 30,000-50,000 people being held in captivity in the United States (Landesman 4). The women and children that are bound into this sick and tw... ...nd children trafficked across the world. At any given time there are over 30,000 victims of this special evil. Just the amount of women stuck in captivity within the United States is more than the amount trafficked worldwide. This is a n tall(a) problem socially, economically, and morally. These women are tortured, mentally and physically, daily for as long as they can last in this entrapment. Each year there is an Mease 8 -, estimated 7 billion dollars earned in shadow market. This money is used for drugs, gangs, mafia, violence, and other types of domestic slavery. AIDS and many other diseases are also spread because of this issue. There is absolutely nothing positive that could ever come from human trafficking. Together citizens and authorities of government can combat this problem with the tools of education and government funding.